The 4 Types of Inquiry-Based Learning

Types of Inquiry-Based Learning in the IB: Structured, Problem-Based, Open-Ended, and Guided Inquiry

Inquiry-based learning is at the heart of the International Baccalaureate (IB) philosophy. In IB classrooms, teachers use a range of inquiry approaches to promote curiosity, critical thinking, creativity, and deep understanding. Four powerful models are widely used:

• Structured Inquiry
• Problem-Based Inquiry
• Open-Ended Inquiry
• Guided Inquiry

These approaches support the IB Learner Profile and align strongly with PYP inquiry-based teaching and concept-driven learning.

1. The Structured Inquiry Approach

The Structured Inquiry approach is a guided, systematic way of learning and teaching, grounded in the IB Learner Profile and its emphasis on creativity, critical thinking, and exploration. In structured inquiry classrooms, students ask questions, investigate ideas, and construct understanding, instead of simply memorizing facts.

Structured Inquiry is an iterative cycle of:

• Inquiry
• Research
• Reflection
• Revision

This process helps students take ownership of their learning and make sense of the world around them.

Examples of Structured Inquiry activities:

• Exploring a topic through research, readings, surveys, and interviews
• Constructing a timeline, mind map, or other visual representation of a concept
• Engaging in debates or structured discussions on a key question
• Creating a multimedia presentation to communicate findings
• Designing and carrying out a research project in depth
• Working in pairs or small groups to analyze and solve a problem
• Designing an experiment to test a hypothesis
• Developing a model, artwork, or product to demonstrate understanding
• Creating a game or simulation to illustrate a complex idea

These inquiry learning activities build deeper conceptual understanding, meaningful application of knowledge, and crucial skills such as collaboration, communication, and reflection.

2. The Problem-Based Inquiry Approach

Problem-based inquiry (often called Problem-Based Learning, PBL) is an innovative approach where learning begins with a real, relevant problem. Widely used in IB MYP and DP classrooms, PBL encourages students to think critically, work collaboratively, and develop robust problem-solving strategies.

In a problem-based inquiry unit:

1. Students are introduced to a rich, authentic problem.
2. They generate questions and identify what they need to know.
3. They investigate through research, discussion, and experimentation.
4. They propose, test, and refine possible solutions.

Through this process, learners gain a deeper understanding of the problem and its implications, while building skills in:

• Critical thinking
• Communication
• Collaboration
• Creativity and innovation

Examples of problem-based inquiry activities:

• Design challenge: Students design and build a model, product, or system (e.g., an eco-friendly house, water filter, community space) to solve a specific problem.
• Entrepreneurial challenge: Learners create a simple business plan or social enterprise concept that addresses a community need.
• Debate on a real issue: Students analyze a contemporary problem, gather evidence, and debate solutions from different perspectives.
• These problem-based learning tasks make IB learning relevant, engaging, and action-oriented.

3. The Open-Ended Inquiry Approach

The open-ended inquiry approach gives students maximum autonomy to shape their own learning. Rather than being given a fixed path, they generate their own questions, explore concepts, and investigate multiple angles of a topic.

Open-ended inquiry helps students:

• Develop independent research skills
• Make connections between different concepts and subjects
• Consider multiple perspectives
• Use evidence to support their ideas
• Think creatively and divergently

Examples of open-ended inquiry activities in IB learning and teaching:

Brainstorming sessions:
Students generate questions, wonderings, and ideas around a central concept or global issue.

Independent or group research projects:
Learners work from an open research question, investigate multiple sources, and critically analyze information.

Debates and Socratic seminars:
Students debate a complex issue, explore different viewpoints, and refine their thinking through dialogue.

Open-ended problem solving:
Students are given a broad problem with no single “right” answer and must use data, evidence, and reasoning to propose solutions.

Role-play and simulations:
Learners take on different roles (scientists, policymakers, community members) and act out scenarios to understand issues from various perspectives.

By engaging regularly in open inquiry projects, students not only gain knowledge but also build high-level critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

4. The Guided Inquiry Approach

The Guided Inquiry Approach (GIA) is a research-based instructional model that blends structure with student choice. It is especially effective in IB PYP and MYP units of inquiry where teachers want students to explore deeply, but still need to scaffold the process.

In Guided Inquiry:

• Teachers frame an engaging central idea, key concepts, and essential questions.
• Students pose sub-questions, explore topics, and make connections between ideas.
• Teachers act as facilitators, providing resources, feedback, and checkpoints.
• Questions are revisited and refined to deepen understanding throughout the inquiry cycle.
• This approach encourages curiosity while providing enough support so that all learners can succeed.

Examples of Guided Inquiry activities:

• Case studies: Students analyze a detailed real-world scenario, generate questions, investigate, and propose responses or solutions.
• Structured problem-solving tasks: Learners work in teams to solve a defined problem using a teacher-provided process or framework.
• Simulations and role-plays: Students act out complex situations (e.g., UN summit, community council meeting) with guiding prompts and reflection tasks.
• Guided debates: The teacher provides curated resources and guiding questions; students prepare arguments and reflect on different viewpoints.
• Through Guided Inquiry, students actively engage in learning while building confidence in research, collaboration, and reflective thinking. You can read more about structuring this process in Guided Inquiry in IB classrooms

Bringing the Four Inquiry Approaches Together

In effective IB inquiry-based classrooms, teachers often blend these four approaches:

• Start with Structured Inquiry to build skills and routines
• Use Guided Inquiry to support deeper, conceptual understanding
• Introduce Problem-Based Inquiry to tackle authentic, real-world issues
• Offer Open-Ended Inquiry to empower independence and passion projects

By intentionally combining these models, educators create a rich, student-centered environment where learners think critically, inquire deeply, and develop the competencies needed for a complex world.

Recommended Books with Project Tie-Ins

Pair each book with matching student project examples to show practical application across inquiry approaches.

Book Title	Inquiry Type	Global Student Project Examples
"Inquiry-Based Learning Through the Creative Arts for PYP" by Dianne Riddle	Structured	Multimedia ecosystem presentations – Videos, Smartboards, role-playing on biodiversity (PiEd Pyper PYP Exhibition) ​
"Guided Inquiry: Learning in the 21st Century" by Kuhlthau et al.	Guided	Community conservation case studies – Silicon Valley International School sustainability projects ​
"Making Thinking Visible" by Ritchhart et al.	Open-Ended	MYP debates on global issues – Personal projects with visible thinking routines ​
"The Power of Inquiry" by Kath Murdoch	All Types	Timeline experiments & PYP projects – Concept-based math inquiries like ice cream business plans ​
"Problem-Based Learning: An Inquiry Approach" by John Barell	Problem-Based	80 CAS Design Challenges – Water filters, eco-houses, business plans from global IB schools ​

Explore more strategies, examples, and IB resources on our blog:
parijnyanam.blogspot.com

Special Subjects Integration in IB Homeroom Units: Enhancing Learning Through Arts, Language, and More

In the International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP), homeroom units transdisciplinary themes like "Who We Are" or "How the World Works" offer fertile ground for integrating special subjects. This approach weaves visual arts, music, dance, language, library skills, and design & technology into core learning, fostering creativity, critical thinking, and holistic development. By blending these disciplines, educators create immersive experiences that align with IB's learner profile, helping students become inquirers, thinkers, and communicators. Discover how these integrations transform homeroom units, with practical examples and proven benefits.

Visual Arts Integration in IB Homeroom Units

Visual arts integration breathes life into IB homeroom units, merging creativity with subjects like language arts, math, and science. Students don't just learn concepts they visualize and recreate them, deepening retention and sparking innovation.

Teachers might use art to depict geometric properties in a math unit or illustrate novel themes in language arts. For instance, during a unit on ecosystems, students could craft collages representing food chains, discussing symbolism to reinforce science concepts. This method, endorsed by the IB's arts scope and sequence, builds visual literacy while encouraging emotional expression.

Key Benefits:

• Boosts creativity and problem-solving by linking art to real-world applications.

• Enhances conceptual understanding through multisensory engagement.

• Promotes collaboration as groups co-create murals or installations.

A compelling example: In a "Sharing the Planet" unit, students paint endangered species portraits, then debate conservation mirroring.

Music Integration in IB Homeroom Units

Music integration elevates IB homeroom units by tapping into rhythm, melody, and harmony to explore the program's pillars: creativity, activity, service, and thought (often aligned with PYP transdisciplinary skills).

In creativity-focused units, students compose pieces using scales, chords, and genres, improvising with classroom instruments. For activity units, drumming circles or dance-along sharpen motor skills and endurance. Service units might involve community performances, while thought units analyze musical patterns to decode historical events.

Practical Applications:

• Creativity: Compose soundscapes for story units.

• Activity: Rhythm games to build coordination.

• Service: Charity concerts teaching younger peers.

• Thought: Dissect lyrics for cultural analysis.

As per IB music guidelines, this fosters analytical skills and emotional intelligence.

Dance Integration in IB Homeroom Units

Dance integration infuses movement into IB homeroom units, turning abstract ideas into physical expressions that build teamwork, self-expression, and resilience.

Students might choreograph routines embodying unit themes, like human rights in a "Sharing the Planet" inquiry mirroring the Universal Declaration through synchronized moves. This demands critical thinking: interpreting concepts, refining steps, and adapting to group input.

Core Advantages:

• Strengthens collaboration via group choreography.

• Ignites personal creativity and confidence.

• Hones problem-solving as dancers troubleshoot formations.

Backed by IB's emphasis on physical education through arts, dance suits units on identity or systems. Pair it with language integration for narrative dances or library integration for research-backed performances.

Language Integration in IB Homeroom Units

Language integration embeds second-language acquisition into IB homeroom units, fulfilling the program's bilingual mandate while connecting culture to everyday inquiry.

In a French homeroom unit on global communities, students might role-play market scenes, read Francophone literature, or cook regional dishes immersing in vocabulary and customs. This builds proficiency in speaking, reading, and writing within safe, contextual practice.

Notable Gains:

• Links language to real-life relevance, boosting engagement.

• Cultivates confidence through integrated activities.

• Promotes global citizenship via cultural empathy.

The IB language scope and sequence highlights its role in inquiry-based learning. Combine with design & technology integration for multilingual apps or visual arts for illustrated stories.

Library Integration in IB Homeroom Units

Library integration supercharges IB homeroom units by embedding research, literacy, and information skills into transdisciplinary themes.

For an Ancient Egypt unit, students scour print books, databases, and videos for artifacts, learning to evaluate sources and synthesize findings. Teachers assign passion projects or group analyses, fostering independent inquiry.

Strategic Uses:

• Research hunts for unit central ideas.

• Pleasure reading tied to themes.

• Collaborative projects with multimedia resources.

This aligns with IB's information literacy standards, preparing students for lifelong learning. Link to music integration for audio folklore or design & technology for digital archives.

Design and Technology Integration in IB Homeroom Units

Design and technology integration equips IB students with maker skills, turning homeroom units into innovation labs via prototyping and problem-solving.

In introductory homeroom activities, students research challenges like sustainable water systems then build models using software, robots, or 3D printers. Competitions extend learning to real-world prototypes.

Hands-On Elements:

• Ideation through sketches and digital tools.

• Prototyping with accessible tech.

• Reflection on design principles like iteration.

Supported by the IB design cycle, it cultivates future-ready thinkers. Integrate with dance

for kinetic sculptures or library for tech research.

Why Integrate Special Subjects? Long-Term Impact

These integrations create cohesive, student-centered IB experiences, amplifying transdisciplinary skills and addressing diverse learning styles. Research from the 

IBO's PYP evaluation shows improved engagement and outcomes. Start small: pick one subject per unit and scale up. For resources, visit the official IB PYP page or arts in IB blog

.

IB PYP How We Express Ourselves: Communication, Art & Culture

The International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (PYP) transdisciplinary theme "How We Express Ourselves" explores communication and artistic forms like literature, music, visual arts, and performance. Students discover how people convey ideas, emotions, and cultural identities through diverse expressions.

Watch The Discovery School of Jacksonville on YouTube for engaging videos on IB themes and creative inquiry activities.

The Discovery School of Jacksonville-Youtube

Core Elements of Expression in IB PYP

This theme examines verbal, nonverbal, written, and visual communication to influence, connect, and drive social change. Students analyze art history from painting to music and how culture shapes expression across global traditions.

Key learning areas:

• Forms of art and their emotional impact.

• Cultural beliefs influencing personal and communal expression.

• Using communication for meaningful relationships.

Download IB PYP How We Express Ourselves resources for unit planners and worksheets.

Language as a Tool for Expression

Language enables sharing ideas, building relationships, and fostering cultural identity. It drives social progress by expressing hopes and inspiring action.

Written Expression Structures:

• Narrative: Chronological stories with clear structure.

• Expository: Factual explanations of topics.

• Descriptive: Sensory details painting vivid images.

• Persuasive: Convincing arguments for action.

• Poetry: Rhythmic imagery for deep meaning.

• Creative: Imaginative stories with literary devices.

Explore PYP language arts activities for classroom integration.

Communicating Ideas and Feelings

Ideas flow through verbal (speaking, writing) and nonverbal (gestures, body language) channels, plus visuals, props, and digital media like social platforms.

Key Methods:

• Visual aids: Images, diagrams, charts.

• Digital tools: Email, texts, online posts.

• Performance elements: Costumes, props in drama.

Link to free IB expression worksheets for hands-on practice.

Perspectives in Storytelling

Expression varies by viewpoint, shaping narrative depth and reader interpretation.

Types of Perspective:

• Narrative Voice: First-person or third-person telling.

• Character POV: Protagonist or antagonist lens.

• Authorial POV: Writer's distinct angle.

• Objective: Neutral, unbiased view.

• Subjective: Personal bias influence.

• Limited: Single character's thoughts.

• Omniscient: All-knowing access.

• Dramatic: Script-style for audience inference.

Visit Parijnyanam blog for POI templates and age-appropriate PYP examples across Early Years to Upper Elementary.​

Why "Who We Are" Matters in IBDP

This theme prompts critical thinking about personal identity, community, and global impact. It transcends cultural boundaries, exposing students to diverse perspectives. Explored across core subjects, it builds skills in inquiry, reflection, and action.

Key benefits include:

• Understanding human diversity and shared values.

• Analyzing global challenges like inequality and sustainability.

• Developing agency to create real-world solutions.

Download free IB PYP Who We Are worksheets for hands-on activities aligned with IBDP inquiry.

Dominique Orr - youtube

"Who We Are" Across IBDP Subjects

English: Building Persuasive Voices

Students research identity, culture, and ethics. They craft essays and debates, sharpening writing and communication skills for 

IB English resources

History: Tracing Civilizations

Explore ancient societies, religions, and economies. This reveals how past events shape today's interconnected world—perfect for 

IB History lesson plans

Geography: Mapping Human Impact

Study physical landscapes, urbanization, and climate patterns. Learners analyze environmental trends and human geography for sustainable futures. Check 

IB Geography maps and activities

Mathematics: Solving Real-World Puzzles

Apply concepts like statistics and modeling to social issues. This hones logical thinking and problem-solving, linking to 

IB Math applications

Sciences: Unraveling Natural Systems

Dive into biology, physics, and the scientific method. Students appreciate ecosystems and ethical dilemmas, with tools from 

IB Sciences guides

Arts: Unleashing Creativity

Experiment with visual arts, music, and performance. This fosters self-expression and critical analysis, inspired by 

IB Arts portfolios

Take Action with IBDP "Who We Are" Resources

The IBDP Who We Are theme equips students to think globally and act locally.  .

Who We Are Transdisciplinary Theme. YouTube video. Available at: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4-eqhjjsRg (accessed 17 December 2025).